Instruções aos Autores de Trabalhos para o X Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto

1. Ecologically sustainable agriculture and permaculture
Every person has the right to safe and nutritious food and all peoples have the right to food sovereignty as reaffirmed in the United Nations Declaration of the World Food Summit held in Rome in 2002. At the same time unsustainable agriculture is one of the principal causes of deforestation..
According to the World Bank, one of the most successful projects of the Pilot Program to save the Amazon Forest (PPG7) has been a permaculture project. : " Many different kinds of crops should be grown , such as fruit trees, palms and other perennials, pineapples, oilseeds, sugarcane, herbs, peppers, and medicinal plants, together with the traditional crops. Some rules should be followed about which plants should go first, which should come later, and which grow better next to each other, just like a forest grows back. Unwanted growth should be cut, but left to rot on the ground. Nothing should be taken from the plot, except for the harvest. Costly chemical fertilizers and pesticides will not be needed . All one needs are seeds and seedlings of useful plants and trees and labor." (World Bank, 2000)
Permaculture has its origins in the work of Mollison (Mollison, 1988) and its theoretical foundations are provided by the new science of self-organizing complex systems ( Lovelock ,1979) ( Kaufman, 1993).
However, it seems that before the arrival of the Europeans the indigenous peoples of Amazonia already had developed the permaculture of the forest enabling to feed , in an ecologically sustainable manner, a forest population much larger that at the present .
According to Darrel Addison Posey the apetè , forest islands, of the Kayapò are an example of the permaculture of the forest. "The Apetè are placed at location with high biodiversity gradient. They consist of five, more-or-less concentric, zones, each with preferred varieties of cultivars and different cultivation strategies. Plant varieties and micro-environmental conditions are carefully matched. The eating habits of deer and tapir are well-known to the Indians, and their favourite foods are propagated in forest islands. In this sense, forest islands must be viewed as both agroforestry plots and hunting reserves. These islands become important sources of medicinal and edible plants, as well as places of rest. Palms, which have a variety of uses, figure prominently in apêtê, as do shade trees. Even vines that produce drinkable water are transplanted here. Apêtê look "natural" and only recently scientists recognized that they were in fact human artefacts. (Posey, 2000). The inhabitants of the Jauaperi also speack of similar techniques emplyed in the ancient past.

The future agriculture of the Amazon Forest must be based on those lost techniques developed by the original inhabitants of Amazonia. and a step towards their recovery could be made with the help of the Amazonia Landscape Mapping and Biodiversity Estimation program run by the Caboclo Communities of the Rio Jauaperì

2. Mapping Amazonia Biodiversity by the Caboclo Communities of the Rio Jauaperì using Remote Sensing, GPS and GIS
Since the Rio 92 Earth Summit the world has placed great hopes on sustainable use of biodeversity for promoting Sustainable Development in the Tropical Forests for its potential capacity to trigger a powerful synergy bewteen poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation
The Caboclo communities of the Rio Jauaperì, within the framework of the extractivist reserve and of the UN Convention on Biodiversity, using modern technology (GPS, GIS, database, databanks, Internet, remotely sensed imagery) will map the biodiversity of the lower Jauaperì basin (Fabbro, 2000) (Fabbro, 2001)
This long term pilot project is first of all an exercise in Sustainable Development
It aims to instantiate sustainable use of biodiversity to alleviate poverty and , with mutual reinforcement, conserve biodiversity .
Species, populations, habitats, communities, ecosystems, processes will be geo-located and documented. The resulting map, will then transform the Lower Jauaperì basin into a catalogued in-situ Germplasm collection.
It is hoped that, it will be then possible to provide services to world agriculture, within the framework of the new International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO, November 3, 2001)
It is also hoped to contribute to the development of sustainable agriculture in Amazonia, and in particular to the rediscovery of the permaculture of the forest .
The knowledge and competence of the Indigenous and Local Communities have been recognized by the UN Convention on Biodiversity and the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biodiversity have requested respect for it, have advocated its application and have asserted its equivalence with modern science. It has also been requested that Local Communities should be provided with appropriate technology to help in their work.
The GIS maps are populated with information obtained from interviews with local experts. Ground truth expeditions are made to provide "true" data, test the reliability of the data obtained from the interviews, test the predicting capabilities of the GIS.. The collected data is recorded using palmtops, digital cameras , minidisc recorders and GPS. The equipment is time-synchronized to provide data congruence. On return from the expedition the equipment will be delivered to the Information Technology department where the collected data will be loaded into the database and the GIS. Collection of data is driven by ecology and phylogeny to increase its efficaciousness. Provision will be made for the presence of scientists and technicians from IBAMA, EMBRAPA, INPA, University of Amazonas. The taxonomy of the Caboclo communities of the Rio Jauaperi employs as many as 500 different taxa ( animals, plants, habitats, communities, processes) and more taxa are forthcoming . The spatial domain of these taxa varies from meters to kilometers and thus a multi-scale approach is available. The system of geolocated local community taxa coupled with time series of remotely sensed data and guided by ecology and philogeny considerations will provide a cost effective guide to the ecologically sustainable extraction of biodiversity resources from the forest .
The Extractivist Reserve developed by Chico Mendes will provide the perfect framework for this project The extraction from the forest will then include also biological data, a commodity predicted to be in much demand in the near future..
The Associaòao Amazonia has recently formed a partnership with IBAMA/CNP to set up a Extractivist Reserve in the Rio Jauaperi..
The following facilities are present in the Reserve Xixuaù: solar electricity, 24 hours a day 256 KBS Internet connection, office premises, computers LAN, Linux server, MS Windows Server, Rio Jauaperi GIS, satellite imagery, data base, inventories of plants and animals , GRASS, gstat and FRAGSTAT software, digital cameras, GPS equipment , voice recording equipment
The project participates in the International Biodiversity Observation Year 2001-2002 IBOY -. A DIVERSITAS initiative (IBOY, 2001)

3. A Model Ecological Farm in the Jauaperì
Recently the Amazonia Association has initiated an ambitious project for the creation of an Ecologic Farm in the Xixuau Reserve which should eventually cover the alimentary requirements of the people of the Jauaperì. (Clark, 2002)
The exigency of immedaite cost effective production dictactes that time proven agricultural methods are to be employed at the very start of the project . Local production techniques will be rationalized and improved with the help of modern scientific techniques. For this purpose the help of EMBRAPA will be sought. The utilization of local germplasm and appropriate technology will be favored. At the same time the foundations will be laid for the development of Permaculture
Some of the agricultural methods used in the Jauaperì in fact can be considered a form of perrmaculture. For example planting orchards using many different fruit trees collected from the forest or medicinal plant gardens made with plants collected from the forest..
One of the first activities to be implemented will be mapping the biodiversity of the area where the farm will be located to select candidate locations for different permaculture plots.
The first data that have been collected within the Amazonia Landscape Mapping show a very heterogeneous landscape and seem to confirm the rapid decline of species composition similarity at short distances described by Richard Condit and others in the 25 January 2002 issue of Science. (Condi et alia, 2002). This seems to indicate that at distances shorter than the average distance of seed dispersal beta diversity depends not only on seed dispersal but also on niche issues, that is on community self-organisation. It is also becoming apparent that a popular defence strategy is
Defence against predators and diseases. is one of the greatest problem for agriculture in amazonia It appears that together with apt selection of habitats and of species guilds also the right selection of the distances and habitats between the cultivated plots have a determinant role to play in the establishment of permaculture in the Amazon Forest