Instruções aos Autores de Trabalhos para o X Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto

1. Ecologically sustainable agriculture and food sovereignty
Every person has the right to safe and nutritious food and all peoples have the right to food sovereignty as reaffirmed in the United Nations Declaration of the World Food Summit held in Rome in 2002. At the same time unsustainable agriculture is one of the principal causes of deforestation and environmental degrade
The establishment of ecologically sustainable agriculture is one of the most pressing problems confronting humanity at the beginning of the 21 century.
Strategic Objective C2 in the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Strategic Framework 2000-2015 stresses the need "to promote holistic systems approaches" and one of the priority Areas for Inter-disciplinary Action of FAO Medium Term Plan 2000-2007 is the Integrated Management of Biological Diversity for Food and Agriculture which targets the operation/utilisation of the ecosystem approach The Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) of the United Nations Environment Program support and promote forest-gardens

2. Permaculture
Permaculture, is a form of agriculture, which minimizes input (labour, pesticides, fertilizers, seeds) by exploiting nature capacity of self-organization. It is becoming widely known , especially in developing countries and represents a great hope for humanity .
Permaculture has its origins in the work of Mollison (Mollison, 1988) and its theoretical framework is provided by ecology and by the new science of self-organizing complex systems ( Lovelock,1979) ( Kaufman, 1993).
It seems, however, that rain forest permaculture had already been discovered and practiced by the indigenous peoples of Amazonia "Before it became the New World, the Western Hemisphere was vastly more populous and sophisticated than has been thought—an altogether more salubrious place to live at the time than, say, Europe. New evidence of both the extent of the population and its agricultural advancement leads to a remarkable conjecture: the Amazon rain forest may be largely a human artifact (Mann, C.C., 2002). Even the so called terra preta, a soil excellent for agriculture, which covers 10 percent of Amazonia is believed to have been artificially produced in ancient times by the indigenous inhabitants of Amazonia (Mann, C.C, 2002).
Darrel Addison Posey gives a an example of permaculture of the Amazon forest, still extant: the apetè , forest islands, of the Kayapò The apetè are placed at locations with high alpha and beta biodiversity. They consist of five, more-or-less concentric, zones, each with preferred varieties of cultivars and different cultivation strategies. Plant varieties and micro-environmental conditions are carefully matched. Apêtê begin as small mounds of vegetation, about one to two metres round, created by transporting organic matter obtained from termite nests and ant nests to open areas in the field. Slight depressions are usually sought out because they are more likely to retain moisture. Seeds or seedlings are planted in these piles of organic material. Thus a full-grown apêtê has an architecture that creates zones which vary in shade, light and humidity Similiarities between forest patches belonging to different ecosystems are used to exchange and spread useful species between zones, through transplanting seeds, cuttings, tubers and saplings. Thus there is much interchange between distinctly different ecological systems. Some species, referred to as good neighbors, develop more vigorously when planted together The eating habits of deer and tapir are well-known to the Indians, and their favorite foods are propagated in forest islands. In this sense, forest islands must be viewed as both agroforestry plots and hunting reserves. These islands become important sources of medicinal and edible plants, as well as places of rest. Palms, which have a variety of uses, figure prominently in apêtê, as do shade trees. Even vines that produce drinkable water are transplanted here.. Apêtê look "natural" and only recently scientists recognized that they were in fact human artefacts. (Posey, 2000).
One of the most successful projects of the Pilot Program to save the Amazon Forest (PPG7) has in fact been a permaculture project. "Many different kinds of crops should be grown , such as fruit trees, palms and other perennials, pineapples, oilseeds, sugarcane, herbs, peppers, and medicinal plants, together with the traditional crops. Some rules should be followed about which plants should go first, which should come later, and which grow better next to each other, just like a forest grows back. Unwanted growth should be cut, but left to rot on the ground. Nothing should be taken from the plot, except for the harvest. Costly chemical fertilizers and pesticides will not be needed . All one needs are seeds and seedlings of useful plants and trees and labor." (World Bank, 2000).

3. Permaculture Design Principles
The quest for forest permaculture is the discovery of stable associations of natural and domestic species in balance with the surrounding forest and optimally requiring harvesting activities as the sole agricultural input.
. Local Germplasm and locally existing species association should be utilized. Observing and cataloging natural associations in the forest surrounding the proposed permaculture site is the most appropriate way of determining plant and animal assemblies to be employed. Guild association trials can begin by reconstructing or mimicking these associations and conditions by using the same species,. or by substituting them with a more productive or palatable species of the same genus or family or one possessing the same ecological function.
Aggregation is the mark of meta-populations, A recent study of the Smithsonian Institute shows that aggregation can not be accounted for by the neutral theory of seed dispersal Aggregation seems to originate from risk minimization strategies and conceivably is the result of self-organizing communities posited at "the edge of chaos" and tending towards Nash equilibrium. The implanting of a new community should cause the least alteration to the existing meta-populations and food web structures. Alpha and beta diversity values should be preserved or increased . Spatial distribution of taxa should be preserved, the higher the taxonomic level the stronger the need of preservation. The intensity of homeostatic response of the resilient disturbed forest should thus be reduced and competitors, predators and parasites will be kept under control at an acceptable, "physiological" level.
The study of the local biodiversity is thus a necessary prerequisite for the implementation of permaculture

4. Amazonia Landscape Mapping and Biodiversity Estimation Project
Since the Rio 92 Earth Summit the world has placed great hopes on the sustainable use of biodiversity for promoting Sustainable Development in the Tropical Forests for its potential capacity to trigger a powerful synergy between poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation
The Caboclo communities of the Rio Jauaperì, within the framework of the extractivist reserve and of the UN Convention on Biodiversity, using modern technology (remotely sensed imagery, GPS, GIS, Internet, database, databanks ) will map the biodiversity of the lower Jauaperì basin (Fabbro, 2000) (Fabbro, 2001)
This long term pilot project is first of all an exercise in Sustainable Development
It aims to instantiate sustainable use of biodiversity to alleviate poverty and , with mutual reinforcement, conserve biodiversity .
Species, populations, habitats, communities, ecosystems and processes will be geo-located and documented. The resulting map, will then transform the Lower Jauaperì basin into a catalogued in-situ Germplasm collection.
It is hoped that in due time it may be possible to provide services to world agriculture, within the framework of the new International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO, November 3, 2001) . It is also hoped that it will contribute to the development of sustainable agriculture in Amazonia, and in particular to the rediscovery of the permaculture of the forest .
The knowledge and competence of the Indigenous and Local Communities have been recognized by the UN Convention on Biodiversity and the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biodiversity have requested respect for it, have advocated its application and have asserted its equivalence with modern science. It has also been requested that Local Communities should be provided with appropriate technology to help in their work.
The taxonomy of the Caboclo communities of the Rio Jauaperi employs as many as 500 different taxa ( animals, plants, habitats, communities, processes) and more taxa are forthcoming . The spatial range of these taxa varies from meters to kilometers and thus a multi-scale approach is available. The system of geolocated local community taxa coupled with time series of remotely sensed data and guided by ecology and philogeny considerations will provide a cost effective guide to the ecologically sustainable extraction of biodiversity resources from the forest .
The GIS maps are populated with information obtained from interviews with local experts. Ground truth expeditions are made to provide "true" data, test the reliability of the data obtained from the interviews and test the predicting capabilities of the GIS.. The collected data is recorded using palmtops, digital cameras , minidisc recorders and GPS. The equipment is time-synchronized to provide data congruence. On return from the expedition the equipment will be delivered to the Information Technology department where the collected data will be loaded into the database and the GIS. Collection of data is driven by ecology and phylogeny to increase its efficaciousness. Provision will be made for the presence of scientists and technicians from IBAMA, EMBRAPA, INPA, University of Amazonas
The Extractivist Reserve developed by Chico Mendes will provide the perfect framework for this project The extraction from the forest will then also include biological data, a commodity predicted to be in much demand in the near future..
The Associaòao Amazonia has recently formed a partnership with IBAMA/CNP to set up a Extractivist Reserve in the Rio Jauaperi..
The following facilities are present in the Reserve Xixuaù: solar electricity, 24 hours a day 256 KBS Internet connection, office premises, computers LAN, Linux server, MS Windows Server, Rio Jauaperi GIS, satellite imagery, data base, inventories of plants and animals , GRASS, gstat and FRAGSTAT software, digital cameras, GPS equipment , voice recording equipment
Two departments have been constituted: the Field Operation Department and the Information Technology Department, both composed of members of the traditional communities. The training method employed is "learning by doing and producing ".
The project participates in the International Biodiversity Observation Year 2001-2002 IBOY -. A DIVERSITAS initiative (IBOY, 2001) and has been highlighted as one of IBOY most interesting projects.(Powledge, 2002).
Much of the work done so far has been spent setting up the infrastructure, establishing the teams and training them in the use of the new technology The principal result has been the corroboration that the Amazon local communities taxonomy can provide a highly structured description of the forest and that the Amazon local communities supplied with appropriate modern technology are capable of providing biodiversity data, of high quality at competitive costs. The first data collected show a very heterogeneous landscape and this heterogeneity appears to have been captured by the available remotely sensed data..

6. The quest for permaculture in the Jauaperi
The traditional agricultural methods employed in the Jauaperi are a form of permaculture. In the roças, forest gardens, of the Jauaperi one can find many trees and plants collected from the forest , intercropping, and the local people say that in old times the roças were protected from leaf eating ants , one of the most damaging pests, without using poison.. The currently existing roça of Jauaperì should be the seed, nucleus and template of the permaclture garden sought.
The efficacious implementation of permaculture method requires studying and mapping the local biodiversity and thus the next stage of the Amazonia Landscape Mapping and Biodiversity Estimation program. will be mapping the biodiversity of the area where the Model Ecological Farm will be located.
The useful species currently employed in the Jauaperi, have been inventoried by Joaci Freitas of EMBRAPA (Freitas, J., 1997). The inventoried species will be mapped on the phylogenetic tree. The inventoried species will also be mapped upon the Amazon food web that has been so far chartered.. Further chartering of the local food web will be done with the help of local knowledge.
Before clearing the area where the roça will be located, a thorough survey of its biodiversity should be performed: trees, plants, leaves, animals, insects should be photographed, described, registered and geolocated, physical-chemical soil analysis should be made as well as a survey of the soil biodiversity. Domestic relatives of the cleared wild species should be determined . As the earth of the area to be cleared for roça is terra preta, some of the plants found could have been part of the agricultural germplasm of the indigenous inhabitants of Amazonia
. The surrounding forest will be prospected for wild relatives of domestic plants. The exploration will be aided by the predictive maps of Jauaperi GIS so far created.. A biodiversity survey of the surrounding forest will be made using the methodology described above in section 5 While prospecting for wild relatives of domestic plants and wild useful plants the information retrieved from the territory traversed during the exploration will be recorded using handheld computers, digital cameras, recording equipment time synchronized with the GPS equipment.
When a useful plant or a wild relative of a domestic species has been located its position will be registered and the surrounding habitat described and its biodiversity inventoried.. Only data (verbal, photos, digital) will be extracted and no biological material except for replanting in the roças of the Jauaperì. A minimum time span before returning should be determined for not causing unnecessary perturbations to the area